How to Pronounce -ed in English
base verb (v1) | past simple (v2) | past participle (v3) |
work | worked | worked |
In addition, many adjectives are made from the past participle and so end in -ed. For example:
- I like painted furniture.
The question is: How do we pronounce the -ed?
If the base verb ends in one of thesesounds: | example base verb*: | example with -ed: | pronounce the -ed: | extra syllable? | |
unvoiced | /t/ | want | / Id/ | yes | |
voiced | /d/ | end | ended | ||
unvoiced | /p/ | hope | / t/ | no | |
/f/ | laugh | laughed | |||
/s/ | fax | faxed | |||
/S/ | wash | washed | |||
/tS/ | watch | watched | |||
/k/ | like | liked | |||
voiced | all other sounds, for example... | play | / d/ | ||
allow | allowed | ||||
beg | begged |
* note that it is the sound that is important, not the letter or spelling. For example, "fax" ends in the letter "x" but the sound /s/; "like" ends in the letter "e" but the sound /k/.
Exceptions
The following -ed words used as adjectives are pronounced with /Id/:
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|
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So we say:
- an aged man /Id/
- a blessed nuisance /Id/
- a dogged persistance /Id/
- a learned professor - the professor, who was truly learned /Id/
- a wretched beggar - the beggar was wretched /Id/
But when used as real verbs (past simple and past participle), the normal rules apply and we say:
- he aged quickly /d/
- he blessed me /t/
- they dogged him /d/
- he has learned well /d/ or /t/
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